But numerous economic experiments were not systematic. Centralized planning
did not ensure the dynamic development of the economy, meeting the demand of the
population. The search for new indicators for setting tasks for enterprises (the
replacement of the index of gross output, realised, pure normative products) did not
lead to radical changes. Enterprises continued to produce products that are profitable
for them, but not selected on the basis of consumer demand analysis. Criteria for
assessing the performance of enterprises did not encourage them to effectively manage
the economy, reducing the resource intensity of production. Therefore, there is a need
for changes in the methods of regulation of the economy.
The desire to "rebuild" on the principles of the planned economy has not been
realised and more and more there was a desire to transition to market relations. This
step was also prompted by foreign experts, who emphasised that liquidation of the state
plan and sectoral ministries and the privatisation of enterprises would lead to
coordination and establishment of market prices. The supporters of the demobilisation
of the old system believed that this restructuring would be possible only in 500 days.
In order to choose the most appropriate model of public regulation, it is necessary
to analyse the experience of countries that have achieved outstanding results in socio-
economic development: the United States of America (USA), Japan, Sweden,
Germany, and others.
It should be noted that all countries use mixed models, in which the operation of
the market mechanism is supplemented by public regulation.
The feature of USA market regulation is to give preference to market regulators,
to reduce the role of public regulation to the establishment of the basic "rules of the
game" to create favourable conditions for entrepreneurship development. The USA
economy is mixed, and its regulatory system is considered to be the most worked out.
It is interesting to track changes in the state's approaches to regulating the
economy at different stages of its development.
The most challenging period for the USA was the economic crisis of 1929-1933,
which was called the Great Depression. By 1932, the volume of industrial production
fell by 46,8%. National income of the country during the crisis has reduced more than
two times (from 87,8 billion dollars to 40,2). In 1932, 40 banks were bankrupted every
day. The population urgently withdrew its money from the surviving banks, which led
to an increase in funds in circulation more than 12 times (from 454 million dollars in
1929 to 5699 million dollars in late 1032). The number of unemployed has reached
25% of the labour force [9, p. 254-256]. The introduction of customs barriers to imports
has led to an appropriate increase in import tariffs for American goods.
Having withdrawn from the crisis, the country's new president, Roosevelt. The
distinctive feature of his "new policy" is the planning of the economy. Formation of
the state budget at the expense of increasing taxes on the income of large business more
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