new content at each stage of the evolution of capitalism, respectively to the
requirements of the principle of historicism. At the same time, new economic
categories are introduced into scientific circles, new economic laws are substantiated,
while the achievements of other areas and schools of economic theory are carefully
studied, their assets are creatively borrowed.
Modern Marxists, in particular, favor the synthesis of the theory of value and the
positive aspects of the concept of marginal utility, taking into account the decisive role
of the first, for the pluralism of types and forms of ownership, including private
ownership, provided that the collective and state (whilst respecting national interests)
of the property dominate , for the optimal combination of market and state levers of
economic regulation with the predominance of state (and within its economic),
proceeding from the limited resources and boundless needs of man and society,
recognize the role functioning capitalists (entrepreneurs) to create value and added
value, and so on. The core of these and other problems of modern Marxist political
economy is the needs and interests of man, first of all, a hired employee. Consequently,
the modern Marxist strain is based on the positive aspects of K. Marx's economic
doctrine and institutionalism about the essence of man.
Along with Marxism in the nineteenth century neoclassical direction was
developed. At the heart of the neoclassical development of three schools: the Austrian
- K. Menger, E. Bem-Bawerk and F. Wieser of Cambrian - A. Marshal and the
Lausanne - JI. Valras This doctrine reigned until the 1930s and favored free enterprise.
As the main problem, the neoclassics were allocated - the satisfaction of human
needs, which are unlimited in the conditions of the limited resources involved in
production. It was in the writings of the above scientists that the principles of
marginalism, or the theory of marginal utility, which formed new approaches to values,
prices, costs, demand and supply, were finally formed. Marginists laid the basis for
economic analysis of subjective and technological evaluations of economic actions of
individuals.
Following this, the name of the science itself changes - the term "political
economy" gives way to the term "Economic Theory". His new name, Economic
Science, was given in the book "Principles of Economic Science" by the famous
English scientist Alfred Marshal (1842-1924). According to the author, economic
research should follow the practice of vital logic, be a scientific generalization of
rational thinking and behavior of market agents. A. Marshall saw the main thing in
moving theoretical disputes about cost to study the problems of the relationship of
demand and supply as forces that determine market processes. According to the
approach developed by the Neoclassicists, the price of a product is determined by two
factors: the marginal utility and cost of production. A. Marshall also defined as a
science that studies the behavior of people in the process of producing, distributing and
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