However, there are only few studies dealing with the coping strategies relating to
bad management (e.g. Dauber & Tavernier 2011). Instead, individual aspects of a
particular area with regard to business management are often presented.
Thus, it is clear that stress is not only about people who are under the leadership
pressure, but also about those, who hold the position of the manager to a relatively
large extent (taking into account the responsibility and the requirements imposed on
their activities; Rajnoha, Štefko, Merková & Dobrovič 2016).
Coping and Gender. When it comes to coping strategies, in several studies (e.g.
Amirkhan 1990, Endler & Parker 1990), the authors based their theories on three types
of alternating styles: problem-orientation, emotion-orientation, and avoiding interest,
while focusing on the coping styles as the psychosocial resources among young men
and women.
Gender differences in coping with demanding situations are ways in which men
and women differ in managing mental stress. Li et al. (2006) found out that adolescent
women are more likely than men to use rumination coping and that this particular
coping method was significantly associated with depression. With regard to these
differences in the ways of coping with demanding situations, the studies vary.
Conventional stress-management studies have mostly concluded that compared to
men, women are more likely to use emotional coping techniques (Billings & Moos
1984, Carver, Scheier & Weintraub 1989, Stone & Neale 1984).
More recent studies (e.g. Anshel, Sutarso & Jubenville 2009, Garnefski et al.
2003) also noted that women use more emotional techniques such as crying, seeking
help and/or holding onto the source and the causes of their depression. Daughtry and
Paulk (2006) focused on the gender differences by means of the qualitative research,
finding that both men and women use a variety of coping strategies, although women
tend to use a wider range of responses to coping and are more prone to help solve their
problems as compared to men. This study points out that when examining gender
differences, it is important to avoid the simplified dichotomy of the "emotion vs.
problem" coping.
Davis, Matthews and Twamley (1999) found that men often experience stress in
their careers, while women often face stress because of the problems in interpersonal
relationships. Earlier studies (e.g., Billings & Moos 1984) confirmed the existence of
gender differences in stress sources, but gender differences in coping with stress were
relatively small. When studying individuals in similar situations, Brannon and Feist
(2009) have similarly revealed only minimal differences in coping with stress between
women and men. In general, however, the abovementioned dichotomy regarding the
existence of differences in the fact that women tend to use emotion-oriented coping
and responses to stress such as "take care and make friends", while men tend to use
problem-oriented coping and responses such as "fight or run away" can be applied.
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