they are more anxious and depressed and have more significant somatic symptoms than
managers. On the other hand, managers perceive more support in their work
environment, fewer job demands and day-to-day difficulties than the administrative
workers.
On the basis of the above discussion and the presented theoretical and empirical
study, it could be concluded that the results support the necessity of accepting the
possible gender specifics in the studies of coping with demanding, stressful situations,
particularly in the area of management. At the same time they indicate the
appropriateness of utilizing the CISS and COPE-b methodologies to detect the gender
differences in the perception of coping by managers.
In conclusion, it is possible to supplement the knowledge we have gained by the
findings of other studies that have confirmed the existence of links among the working
conditions, occupational stress and emotional well-being (e.g. De Jonge et al. 2000;
Cox et al. 2000; De Lange et al. 2004; Grawitch et al. 2007). Managers/leaders play a
major role in defining an environment in which employees prosper and experience
well-being (Nielsen, Yarker, Brenner, Randall, & Borg 2008; Rasulzada, Dackert &
Johansson 2003). Our research, however, demonstrates that experiencing well-being
as well as coping with demanding situations are not issues relating to the non-
managerial workers exclusively, but are associated with the work of managers as well.
Therefore, the presented results confirm the meaningfulness of studying and
conducting research also on the coping strategies of managers.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was conducted thanks to the support of the grant project KEGA No.
003PU-4/2017.
REVIEWERS
Dr econ., Prof. Olena Kotykova, MNAU, Ukraine
PhD, Assoc. Prof. Mykola Babych,
National University of Shipbuilding
registered Admiral Makarov
, Ukraine
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