employer. Such an annuity can occur not always (under the specified conditions) and
for the employee may be in the form of an additional payment, bonus, award, etc.
It is worth noting that in the scientific literature the economic essence of the IR is
identified in different ways, in particular:
-
excess profits derived from the use of non-exploitable natural resources,
intellectual factors of production, primarily intellectual capital [44];
-
part of the value created by the work of "intellectual workers" and is assigned
to the subject of intellectual property rights [11];
-
the form of economic realization of different types of ownership of intellectual
resources and innovative products, this income is more than the minimum level
necessary for the attraction of intellectual resources in a definite sphere of activity [13];
-
factor income from the economic using of objects of intellectual property and
innovations [9, c. 23];
-
economic form of realization of intellectual resources’ ownership in the form
of excess profit obtained as a result of the establishment of a temporary monopoly on
the using of a specified resource [45].
The content of these definitions of IR indicates that some researchers consider it
to be the source only of intellectual property, innovation and innovative products. This
approach, in our opinion, determines the identification of IR and innovation rent. This
is evidenced by other opinions of the researchers, in particular concerning:
the basis of IR formation is intellectual property; the mechanism of the formation
of IR is contained in adding to the average cost of selling intellectual property, patents,
licenses and goodwill of innovative organizations; the economic condition for the
emergence of IR is the difference in the usefulness of intellectual property objects used
in innovations in comparison with traditional goods; user’s monopoly of more valuable
intellectual property is the main reason for the creation of IR; prerequisites for the
creation of IR are the design and protection of property rights to intellectual property
[16, p. 49-50];
- the reason for the emergence of IR is the private ownership of the intellectual
product [11, p. 17];
- IR is formed at the expense of: 1) increment to the price of the sale of innovative
products (the profit of innovative enterprises from the production and sale of products
on the basis of objects of intellectual property); 2) income from the transfer of
intellectual property rights (the sale of licenses); 3) goodwill of innovative enterprises,
which increases both components of IR [46, p. 123];
- IR is formed from the sale of innovative products, the sale of licenses for the
using of intellectual property and is based on goodwill, which can be considered as its
corresponding species [47].
Authors of publications [9, p. 19, 16, p. 50] believe that IR arises only in such
areas as innovation, information and social and can be obtained only by leaders in the
field of science and technology.
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