of ‘open innovations’ was introduced by G. Chesbrough. It is considered that firms can
and should use external ideas along with their own ones, and also apply "internal" and
"external" ways of entering the market with their more advanced technologies
(Chesbrough, Open innovation, 2006, p. 29; Chesbrough, Open Services, 2006, p. 28;
Chesbrough, 2017). For example, P&G, finding promising external ideas, necessarily
expose them to internal improvement and builds them into its marketing
communications system (Panduwawala, 2009; PG, 2016; PG, 2006); as a result, a
unique product, difficult for copying by competitors, is created.
The main difficulty in the wide application of the concept of open innovation can
be attributed to psychological one (Bogacheva, 2003; Johnson, 2004; Cory, 2001;
Almquist, 2016) (Tables 1, 2). The idea of acquiring external knowledge for the
purpose of using it with profit for oneself looks quite natural. The idea that it is possible
to benefit from granting the access to the results of intellectual activity of a developer
company is perceived by the developer with difficulty: traditionally, the protection of
one's own ideas was considered as an important component of competition. In addition,
the successful trade in one’s own ideas requires a high level of expertise in the field of
intellectual property protection. This perception is the basis for the fact that in many
countries vast amounts of information are hidden by companies under the stamp of
commercial secrets.
Table 1 Common determinants and barriers identified in innovation research in
different allied fields
Innovation research from allied fields
Common barriers
A
B
C
D
E
F
Digital innovation management (Whyte, 2007)
+
+
+
Digital innovation in AEC (Johnson and Laepple, 2004)
+
+
+
+
Building information modeling (Bernstein and Pittman, 2004)
+
+
Innovation in construction (Shabanesfahani and Tabrizi, 2012)
+
+
Innovation research (Bogacheva, 2003)
+
+
+
+
AEC innovation (O’Sullivan, 2002)
+
AEC innovation (Cory and Bozell, 2001)
+
+
+
Engineering innovation (Civil Engineering Research Foundation,
1996)
+
+
+
Architectural innovation (Inchachoto, 2002)
+
+
+
Digital innovation management (Yoo et al., 2010)
+
+
Construction innovation (Jones and Saad, 2003)
+
+
+
+
+
Innovation research (Walcoff et al., 1981)
+
+
+
+
where A indicates technological barriers, B indicates financial barriers, C indicates
organizational barriers, D indicates governmental barriers, E indicates psychological barriers, and F
indicates process barriers
With regard to sales of one’s own knowledge, the following recommendations are
suggested. Firstly, it is necessary to classify the existing knowledge (patents, R & D
results, etc.) on the basis of the expediency of offering it for sale.
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