equipment: depictions (general and by the elements of map content); graphic methods
(two-dimensional and three-dimensional graphs etc); graphoanalytic methods
(cartometry and morphometry); mathematic-cartographic modelling (mathematic
analysis, mathematic statistics, information theory)
Each of the abovementioned groups includes multiple quantity of methods and
their modifications, which altogether constitute the unified system which allows to
explore the objects from different sides. It is important to note that all groups of
methods supplement each other and can be used as an aggregate.
Graphic techniques include building profiles, cuts, graphs, diagrams, block
diagrams and two- and three-dimensional graphic models with the help of maps.
Numerical quantity of graphic constructions can be systematized as below:
1.P=f (x) P=f (y) - profile by determined in the map directions x or y;
2.P=f (z) – vertical cut, which construction needs using a set of different levels’
maps (different heights and depths);
3.P=f (t) – time cut created through a series of maps at different times;
4.P=f (x,y) – cartographic image (projection on horizontal plane)
5.P=f (x,z) or P=f (y,z) – frontal image, i.e. object projection on vertical plane;
6.P=f (x,z) or P=f (y,z) - frontal image, i.e. object projection on horizontal plane;
7.P=f (x,t) or P=f (y,t) або P=f (z,t) – metachronic (different times) cut, which
construction requires using a series of different times’ maps or different levels’
(different heights) maps;
8.P=f (x,y,z) – block diagram or voluminous drawing of the object, where surface
image is combined with vertical cuts;
9.P=f (x,y,t) або P=f (x,z,t) або P=f (y,z,t) – metachronic block diagram
constructed by a series of different times’ and different levels’ maps, whilst one of all
block diagram’s maps points out changes of the object’s state in time.
Some of graphoanalytic methods are cartometry and morphometry – designed for
measuring and obtaining quantitative indicators from maps.
Cartometric methods allow directly measure following indicators: geographic and
rectangular coordinates; length of straight and winding lines, distance, square; vertical
and horizontal angles and angular values.
Cartometry is viewed as measuring quantitative parameters by maps: coordinates,
lengths and distances, heights, squares, angles, directions etc, i.e. methods and
accuracy of measuring by maps.
Unlike cartometry, morphometry is involved in calculation of indicators of
objects’ forms and structures. Its quantity is quite big – up to several hundreds. The
most used groups of indicators and coefficients are: delineation (form) of the objects;
curvature of lines and surfaces; horizontal dismemberment of the surface; vertical
dismemberment of the surface; slopes and gradients of the surface; density,
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