employment relationships in comparison to adults. These forms of employment are
often associated with lower wages, limited access to training, slow career advancement
and lower levels of social protection, all of which combine to undermine youth
prospects in the labour market and their income potential [20].
Youth is over-represented in the temporary jobs in the majority of the European
countries, often on an involuntary basis. High incidence of involuntary part-time
employment is closely linked to the fact that youth in this form of employment are
more likely to live in poverty despite having a job.
Temporary contracts of work are not the only form of non-standard employment
for young people. In a number of countries, bogus self-employment (when independent
workers are contracted to provide services to a single client or work provider in much
the same way as if they were an employee) is of importance and, like temporary jobs,
can often involve a relatively high level of insecurity. Family working, when wives or
children work in the family business without any formal contract of employment and
often without a regular wage, can also be insecure and, more generally, may offer little
prospect of advancement. Bogus self-employment is a means of reducing the costs of
employment partly by lowering the social contributions payable and partly by avoiding
the costs imposed by employment protection legislation. Like temporary contracts,
contracting out work gives employers more ability to adjust their workforce in line with
variations in sales, or at least to operate at lower cost [21]. For the workers concerned,
however, it means taking over the responsibility for providing protection against
possible loss of work or an inability to continue working and for ensuring that they
build up enough pension for their future retirement.
In order to create a favourable environment for development and fostering self-
reliance among Ukrainian youth, the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine adopted the
Concept of the National Target Programme «Youth of Ukraine» for 2016–2020 on 30
September 2015. The Concept provides for the realization of the revised mechanism to
support outreach to youth. Other objectives include creating a facilitating environment
for increased youth participation in the socio-political life of Ukraine; youth
development as a core concept within the national youth policy; establishing efficient
cooperation with the civil society institutions; expanding social guarantees for youth;
and improving youth access to quality education.
It is also worth highlighting
that g
iven that employer offers flexible system, for
instance, of staff leasing that help to achieve such goals as: obtaining of specialists for
a specific problem solving, urgent projects that require involvement of additional staff,
quick building of employee staff of branches, agencies, reduced costs on maintenance
of human resources and accounting departments, possibility to “lease” employees if
number of staff employees and budget are limited. As a result, temporary employees
frequently have inadequate employment-based social security coverage, either because
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