the stimulus, such as: novelty, unusual, force of influence (intensity), contrast,
conformity to the internal state of the organism (needs), interest, expectation of
corresponding impressions, general orientation of the person (influence of previous
experience).
Unlike involuntary, an arbitrary attention is directed and supported by a deliberate
goal and a volitional effort. "It is characterized by an active character, a complex
structure caused by socially developed means of organizing behavior and
communication ... involves volitional regulation and the use of special methods of
concentration, maintenance, distribution and switching attention " [4]. Factors of
arbitrary attention are conditioned not so much by external stimuli, but by the very
subject and structure of his activity, its goals and objectives. Therefore, the main
stimulator of it is the realized needs, responsibilities, interests of the individual,
purpose and means of activity. It is interesting that the influence of these factors may
be indirect. That is, arbitrary attention is mediated by consciously set goals, which
transforms interests into interests of the purpose or interests of the result of activity. In
this case, activity may not be part of the range of human interests, but since its
implementation is necessary to achieve the goal, it becomes interesting in connection
with this purpose.
Both types of attention are in close coexistence with the possibility of
interconnection. Usually this happens against the background of changes in the
motivation of activities. If overcoming the difficulties of arbitrary concentration a
person receives the result that interests him, then there is a direct interest in the content
of the activity, its capture, under the influence of which the attention changes - acquires
the features of involuntary concentration. In this case, talk about the transition of
arbitrary attention to the post-satisfaction (the concept is introduced M. Dobrynin) or
secondary involuntary attention.
According to S. Golovin, the emergence of post-satisfaction is possible only as a
result of changes in motivation (transferring the motive to the goal), and provided the
development of the operational and technical side of the activity in connection with its
automation, with the transition of actions in the operation. The act of post-adherence is
characterized by a decrease in subjective sense of fatigue, a decrease in mental stress,
while preserving consciousness at the level of arbitrary attention, as well as increasing
interest in activities, as a result of which it becomes more prolonged and highly
productive [4].
In our opinion, taking into account the marked transition of involuntary attention
to arbitrary and vice versa is of enormous importance for the expedient organization of
the activity of any direction, and educational especially.
External attention, which includes sensory and motorized attention, is directed at
objects of the outer world and is a necessary condition for its knowledge and
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